Vatican City — Capital of Vatican City

Vatican City is the world's smallest sovereign state by both area (0.44 km²) and population (around 800 residents), yet its influence stretches to every corner of the globe. Entirely surrounded by Rome, Vatican City came into existence as an independent state through the Lateran Treaty of 1929, signed between the Holy See and Mussolini's Italian government. The treaty resolved the long-standing 'Roman Question' — the dispute that had kept popes effectively confined to the Vatican since Italian forces seized Rome in 1870.

The beating heart of Vatican City is St Peter's Basilica, the largest church in the world. Though often mistakenly called a cathedral, it is technically a basilica — the Pope's actual cathedral is the Archbasilica of St John Lateran across the city in Rome. Michelangelo designed St Peter's iconic dome, though he died before its completion; the church was finally consecrated in 1626. Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sweeping colonnade in the piazza in front of the basilica draws millions of visitors each year.

The Sistine Chapel ceiling, also by Michelangelo, was painted between 1508 and 1512 — a four-year project covering 500 square metres. Contrary to popular myth, Michelangelo did not paint it lying on his back; he stood on specially constructed scaffolding, craning his neck upward for years. The resulting damage to his posture and eyesight was significant. The most recognised section, 'The Creation of Adam', shows God reaching out to touch Adam's finger.

The Papal Swiss Guard has protected the Pope since 1506, making it one of the oldest continuously active military units in the world. All members must be Catholic Swiss males. They are famous for their striking Renaissance-era uniforms and their ceremonial halberds — and despite the pageantry, they receive intensive modern security training.